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3分六合2024-01-28

3分六合

中新网评:处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******

  中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称,将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对,企图将核污水“一倒了之”,把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。

资料图:日本福岛第一核电站。

  2011年,福岛核电站事故发生后,大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋,对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害,数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日,作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。

  日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由,在2021年4月13日,正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多,日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。

  日本政府辩称,这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全,甚至“可以喝”,这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。

  事实上,经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质,核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收,长期来看,将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁,最终危害人类健康。

  因此,核污水排海计划推出后,遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示,福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中,约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场,反对该计划。

  日本政府认为,核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案,但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海,核污水会随着洋流流动,其影响势必会跨越国界,危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。

  《韩国经济新闻》发文称,相关研究认为,福岛核污水如果排放入海,约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域,该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。

  德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告,若日本将所有核污水排入海中,不到半年,整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁,包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。

  日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,有义务保护海洋环境。然而,在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上,日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。

  国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估,但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论,并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下,日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设,这是极不负责任的行为。

  太平洋不是日本的下水道,日本必须正视各方合理关切,在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后,制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远,若只顾眼前,执意将核污水排放入海,不仅其自身,周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单,其后果必将会危害数代人。

  Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business

  By John Lee

  (ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.

  Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.

  The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.

  On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.

  The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.

  In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.

  Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.

  The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.

  The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.

  The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.

  According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.

  As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.

  However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.

  Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.

  The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.

  If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.

 

讲究实用的墨子(子曰诗云)******

  墨家巨子田鸠去拜会楚王。楚王问他:“墨子是赫赫有名的学者。他的亲身实践还算可以,可为什么他讲的话虽然很多,却不动听呢?”

  田鸠先讲了两个故事。一个是说,秦王把女儿嫁给晋国公子,陪嫁的媵妾有70人,衣着都很华丽。到了晋国,晋国人反而喜欢陪嫁的妾,而看不上秦王的女儿。

  再一个故事很有名,买椟还珠,说有个楚国人到郑国去卖宝珠。他用名贵的木兰香木做了一个精美的匣子,用香料熏烤,用珠玉点缀,用玫瑰装饰,用翡翠衬托。结果郑国人只买了他的匣子,却退还了宝珠。

  田鸠得出结论:当今世人的言谈,说的尽是些华丽动听的辞令。君主往往只欣赏言辞的华美,却忽视了它的实用价值。墨子的学说传授先王治国的办法,阐述圣人的言论并宣告于天下人。假如只想使言辞动听,那恐怕人们就会只追求言辞华美而忽视它的实用价值,因为言辞而损害了实用。所以墨子讲的话虽然很多,但是不动听。

  上述对话见于《韩非子》,说明当时学者对于墨家学说“多而不辩”的特点很清楚。这与我们阅读《墨子》时的感觉一致。与诸子文章相比,《墨子》可能无《论语》的简约,无《孟子》的雄辩,无《荀子》的精细,无《庄子》的奇诡,这与墨子、墨家学说重实利的特点有关。

  墨家祖师墨子,一般认为是春秋战国之际的鲁国人,工匠出身。儒道墨法,先秦最重要的四家学派,孔子、老子、韩非子在《史记》中都有自己的传记,唯独墨子,司马迁只在《孟子荀卿列传》里附带提了这么短短一句:“墨翟是宋国的大臣,在军事上擅长守卫,在思想上主张俭朴节约。有人说他和孔子是同时代人,也有人说他比孔子晚。”

  这说明早在汉初之际,墨家就已衰落到乏人问津的田地了,接下来又沉默了几乎2000年,一直到清末民国时期,才被重新发现。当时一批著名学者整理注解《墨子》,诠释发扬墨学,让墨子重新回到人们视野中来。

  于是,今天我们得以看到,墨子以一介平民的身份,保持着席不暇暖的勤奋状态,终日奔走在制止战争、劝说兼爱的路上,具有一种摩顶放踵的牺牲精神。因此,他开创的墨家,被认为是中国传统文化中最具有救世情怀的学派。其观点集中在《墨子》一书中。

  《墨子》成书于战国时期,今存53篇,内容驳杂,按照胡适、梁启超等学者的观点,大概可以分成5组。

  第一组《亲士》《修身》《所染》《法仪》《七患》《辞过》《三辩》这7篇,都是后人伪造的。前3篇全无墨家口气,颇有道家儒家言论。后4篇是根据墨家余论而作,可以看做墨学概要,梁启超认为应当先读。

  第二组包括《尚贤》《尚同》《兼爱》《非攻》《节用》《节葬》《天志》《明鬼》《非乐》《非命》《非儒》等24篇,多“子墨子曰”的字样,应该是弟子记录、推演墨子学说的文本,也有后人加入的内容。

  这些篇章每个主题都分上中下3篇,文义大同小异,为何如此?民国学者陈柱做了一番复盘:“余意墨子随地演说,弟子各有记录,言有时而详略,记有时而繁简,是以各有三篇。当时演说,或不止三次,所记亦不止三篇。然古人以三为成数,……故编辑《墨子》书者,仅存三篇,以备参考,其或以此乎?”很有道理,但细读文本可以发现每个主题的上篇往往比中下篇的逻辑更严密、论说更到位,有学者推测上篇的形成比中下篇要晚,因此更加成熟一些。编辑者把最好的文本置于最前,说明深谙传播之道。

  第三组《经》《经说》《大取》《小取》等6篇,既不是墨子的书,也不是墨者记墨子学说之书,而是与惠施、公孙龙等名家学说十分接近。惠施、公孙龙的学说,差不多全保存在这6篇之内。

  第四组包括《耕柱》《贵义》《公孟》《鲁问》《公输》5篇,是墨家后人将墨子言行编辑而成,类似《论语》。其中很多材料比第二组还重要。

  第五组从《备城门》到《杂守》11篇,所记皆墨家守城之法,在《汉书·艺文志》的分类中属于“兵技巧”,也夹杂着一些阴阳学说。

  总之,集中体现墨子思想的,是第二和第四组文章。清代学者孙诒让说,读墨子,从《尚贤》到《非命》就够了。从中可以看出,墨家是儒家最早的反对派和论敌。儒家说爱有差等,墨子就说要兼爱;儒者讲究厚葬,墨子提倡薄葬;孔子推崇音乐,墨子就说非乐;儒学远鬼知命,墨子明鬼非命……可以说,凡是儒家支持的,墨家就反对;凡是儒家反对的,墨家就支持。因此,读完《论语》看《墨子》,就像去完极地去赤道,冰火两重天。

  值得一提的是,第三组和第五组文章,在逻辑学、光学、物理学、兵法等诸多方面对中国古代科技有卓越贡献。李约瑟就曾据此称赞“墨家的科学成就超过整个古希腊”。是不是过誉暂且不论,极力肯定的背后说明墨家在这方面确实有两把刷子。(熊 建)

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